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The Journal of MushroomCultivation (TMC)

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C O N T E N T S

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Human FungalInfections……………………………………………..20

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#96 TMC October 2012 Page 01 CopyrightedMaterial

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Submitting Spore Samplesfor This Journal

should be taken on a dark colored paper. This will ensurecontrast and make the spores easy to see. Seven to nine complete sheetsshould be submitted. Place and affix (with staple or tape) cover sheetover each sheet of prints. Send date and where collected. Wildedibles make the best submissions for the "TMC" Journal. If youwish to submit a controversial type, like Psilocybe cyanescens, these saidtypes may be submitted (or we will forward) to "TEONANACATL", TheInternational Journal of Psychoactive Mushrooms (TEO). Because these issues have this unique featureof mushroom spore print samples to aid in the correct identification ofmushrooms collected out in the wild, they have a cutoff of 3,000 subscribers. This makes original Hard Copy back issues of"TMC" and "TEO" rare and the most valuable to collect.

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 02 Copyrighted Material

M A I L C A L L

Evaluation ofNutritional Value of Different Collected Edible Fleshy Fungi

RamChandra^@, V. N. Pandey* and H. B. Singh

Dept. ofMycology and Plant Pathology

Instituteof Agricultural Sciences

Banaras HinduUniversity

Varanasi – 221005 (U.P.)

*Dept. ofBotany, DDU GorakhpurUniversity Gorakhpur

@ Emailaddress corresponding author: rcrbhumpp@yahoo.com Abstract:

In the present investigation,mushroom samples of different species were found to be fairly soft and easy todisrupt e.g. Calocybe indica, Flamulinavelutipes, Lycoperdon giganteum andLycoperdon pyriform. However, some species were found to have gelatinousbut they did not cause difficulty in MPC extraction e.g. Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus flabellatus. All the 21 fleshy fungi colleted wereanalyzed for their content of dry matter, total protein, protein N, ash and MPCextractability. The highest value of total N and protein N was measured insample of Pleurotus florida (9.31%, 6.31%) ash content in Pleurotus flabellatus(11.25%) and dry matter in Agaricusbitorquis (12.15%). The lowest amount of total N (4.75%) in Calocybe indica, Protein N in Auricularia polytricha (3.36%). However,the lowest ash content (7.55%) was found in Flamulinavelutipes. The highest extractability of MPC was recorded with Pleurotus florida (51.23% and lowest with Auricularia polytricha (21.067%) underthese collected edible fungi. (note from S.L. Peele: Pleurotusfloridais also known as Pleurotus sapidus.

Key words: Edible fleshy fungi, MPC, protein, drymatter, ash

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 03 CopyrightedMaterial

Mushrooms areconsidered to be healthy food because of their relatively high and qualitativelygood protein content and because of their good vitamins, minerals and low fatcontent. Mushrooms have been recommended by FAO as food that contributes to theprotein nutrition of developing countries which depends largely cereals.Protein is an important constituent of dry matter of mushrooms (Aletor, 1995Alofe et al., 1995) Florczak andLasota, 1995; Zrodlowski, 1995; Chang and Buswell, 1996). Mau and Flegg (1975)reported the digestibility of mushroom protein to be as high as 71 to 90%.Protein content of the mushrooms has also been reported to vary from flush toflush (Crisan and Sands, 1978). Purkayastha and Chandra (1976) found 14 to 27%crude protein on dry weight basis in A. bisporus, Lentinus subnudus,Calocybe indica and Volvariella volvacea. Haddad and Hayes (1978) indicated that proteinin A. bisporus mycelium ranged from 32 to 42% on the dry weight basis.Abou et al. (1987) found 46.5%protein on dry weight basis in A. bisporus. Samajipati (1978) found30.16, 28.16, 34.7 and 29.16% protein in dried mycelium of A. campestris,Agaricus arvensis, M. esculenta and Morchella deliciosa respectively.On dry matter basis, the protein content of mushrooms varies between 19/100 and39/100 g (Weaver et al., 1977;Breene, 1990). In terms of the amount of crude protein, most other foodsincluding milk (Chang, 1980). On a dry weight basis, mushrooms normally contain19 to 35% proteins as compared to 7.3% in rice, 12.7% in wheat, 38.1% insoybean and 9.4% in corn (Crisan and Sands, 1978; Li and Chang, 1982; Bano andRajarathnam, 1988).

There are many edible fungi which inethnobotanical food use by the tribals of forest regions of Indiaand Nepale.g. many species of mushrooms, volvarias, polypores and tubers. These fungiare obviously non toxic as these have been in intimate human consumption bynative and tribals, since antiquity (Pandey and Srivastava, 1994). However, thefood value and acceptance of these edible fungi by the scientific and civilizedworld have not been recognized. These edible fungi are more important for a

#96TMC October 2012 Page 04 Copyrighted Material

tropical/ subtropical country like India,which has a climate most congenial for the natural growth of such fungi(Purkayastha and Chandra 1985).

As such, there is need forcarrying out nutraceutical potential and cultural characteristics of someedible fungi from different forest regions for recognizing the biodiversity inedible fungi consumed locally. Also, it is imperative to evaluate the protein,ash and dry matter of these edible fungi. Therefore the present investigationwas thought to be proper for In-vitro analysis of dry matter, protein, totalnitrogen, ash and extractability of MPC.

Materials and methods:

Mushroom Protein (MPC) Extraction:

Two hundred g of mushroom sampleswere homogenized with 600 ml distilled water in a warring blender for 30minutes only one Extraction was carried out and the homogenate was filteredthrough double layered muslin cloth to remove the fibrous residue. The filtrate(extract) was transferred in a corning glass beaker (1000ml) and heated to 80⁰cfor 20 minutes. The coagulated protein was filtered through Whatman No. 1filter paper. The protein concentrate was dried pulverized vacuum. The semidried protein concentrate first was pulverized and finally dried to yield thefinal product of powdery mass. This powdery mass was referred to as mushroomprotein concentrate in the present study.

Per cent extractability of MPC:

Percent extractability of MPC was calculated by the formula:

Dry wt. of MPC X100

%extractability of MPC = ------------------------------------------

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 05 Copyrighted Material

Dry matter in mushroom samplefor extract use

Total Nitrogen:

The totalnitrogen content of dried mushroom sample/MPC was determined by the micro-method of Doneen (1932). One hundred mg of sample was taken in a test tube (25x 200 mm) with 1.0ml nitrogen free concentrated sulphuric acid containing 1.0gof salicylic acid per 20.0ml. After through mixing, it was allowed to stand for10 minutes. Subsequently, 20-30 mg sodium thiosulfate was added to the mixtureand it was heated gently until fumes appeared at the mouth of the test tube.The tube was then cooled and 1.0ml of 60% per chloric acid containing 0.5gm ofCuSo4 per 500ml was added .The mixture was digested over an electricalmicrokjedahl, covered heater very gently until foaming ceased. Then the mixturewas briskly heated till a clear digestwas obtained .The digest from the test tube was transferred to a100ml Volumetric flask by washing the tube withdouble distilled water for several times and the volume was made to 100ml. Oneml of this solution was taken ina colorimetric tube with 9.0 ml of thedistilled water and 1.0 ml Nessler’s reagent as modified by Jackson (1949). The colour intensity wasmeasured in systronics Spectrocolorimeter 103 at 440 nm. A standard solution ofammonium sulphate (A.R. quality of BDH) was treated similarly and its colourintensity was measured as described above.

The totalnitrogen content of the digest was calculated by given formula:

Total N in thedigest = colorimetric reading for the digest x factor.

Where factor =total n in the standard / colorimeter reading of standard

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 06 Copyrighted Material

Per cent extractability of totalnitrogen:

Per centextractability of total nitrogen was calculated by the formula:

% Total n in MPC X % MPCextracted

%extractability of total nitrogen = ------------------------------------------

Total N in mushroom dry matter

ProteinNitrogen:

One hundred mg of the dried mushroomsample was homogenized with 10 ml of 10% trichlo acetic acid in a mortar andthe homogenate was centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant wasdiscarded and the residue was used for determining the protein nitrogen by theaforesaid micro method of Doneen (1932).

Protein :

The total protein content of themushroom sample was calculated by multiplying the protein nitrogen with factor4.38.

Per cent extractability of Protein N:

Percent extractability of Protein N was calculated by the formula:

% Protein N in MPC X % MPCextracted

%extractability of Protein N = ------------------------------------------

TotalN in mushroom dry matter

Moisture content:

Themoisture content of the sample was determined by drying at 60 0 C for 48mhours,

#96TMC October 2012 Page 07 Copyrighted Material

constantweight in an electric oven.

Ash content:

Ashcontent of the sample was estimated by heating to 540C for 4 hours in mufflefurnace.

Result and Discussion:

Analysis of dry matter, total protein,protein N, ash and MPC extractability:

All the 21 fleshy fungi colletedwere analyzed for their content of dry matter, total protein, protein N, ashand MPC extractability. (Table-1) Allthis data has been recorded in table 4 along with the extractability of mushroomprotein concentrates (MPC) on dry weight basis. A perusal of this table showthat, the highest value of total N and protein N was measured in sample of Pleurotus florida (9.31%, 6.31%) ash content in Pleurotus flabellatus(11.25%) and dry matter in Agaricusbitorquis (12.15%). The lowest amount of total N (4.75%) in Calocybe indica, Protein N in Auricularia polytricha (3.36%). However,the lowest ash content (7.55%) was found in Flamulinavelutipes. The highest extractability of MPC was recorded with Pleurotus florida (51.23% and lowest with Auricularia polytricha (21.067%). underthis collected edible fungi.

Proteincontent of mushroom samples depend on the various factors such as part of themushroom used for estimation and its different growth stages (Li andChang,1982); Verma et al. 1987). Inthe present investigation, protein in the mushrooms extract has been coagulatedby heating at 80⁰ C since, it was convenient and has been mostlyused by earlier workers for extracting LPC (Pirie, 1978; 1987; Pandey andSrivastava, 1996). In the present investigation, mushroom samples of differentspecies were found to be fairly soft and easy to disrupt e.g. Calocybe indica, Flamulina velutipes,Lycoperdon giganteum and Lycoperdonpyriform. However, some species were found to have gelatinous but they didnot cause difficulty in MPC extraction e.g. Agaricusbisporus, Pleurotus eryngii and

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 08 Copyrighted Material

Pleurotus flabellatus. Similarly some species have optimumfibre, but their extraction has been found easy, e.g. Pleurotus florida,Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sajar-caju, Volvariella esculenta, Vovariellavolvacea. The gelatinous / leathery substance of some mushrooms were foundto interfere not only in macerated / disintegration but also influence theextractability of MPC has been observed in the investigation with Lentinusedodes and Auricularia polytricha.

Table: 1 Analysis of edible fleshy fungifor content of dry matter, total N, protein N, protein, ash and MPCextractability

S. No.	Edible fleshy fungi	Dry matter %	Total N %	Protein N %	Protein %	Ash %	MPC Extractability %
1	Agaricusbisporus	10.37	8.12	6.05	26.60	8.50	32.22
2	Armillaria ponderosa	11.75	7.27	5.35	23.45	10.14	39.91
3	Hypomyceslactifluorum	9.41	5.65	4.72	20.72	8.81	23.38
4	Auriculariapolytricha	12.10	5.15	3.36	14.68	7.84	21.67
5	Pleurotussajar-caju	10.26	6.95	5.21	22.81	8.91	41.22
6	Ganodermalucidum	11.47	6.47	5.15	21.21	10.72	31.15
7	Pleurotusflabellatus	9.86	6.14	5.29	23.12	11.25	35.41
8	Ganodermamultiplicatum	11.45	6.51	5.04	22.21	10.72	32.11
9	Volvariellavolvacea	10.27	9.21	6.16	26.96	9.27	47.34
10	Calocybeindica	11.93	4.75	3.92	17.15	9.21	22.21
11	Agaricusplacomyces.	10.32	8.15	6.11	26.55	8.45	32.12
12	Tubergibbosum	11.32	6.12	4.05	24.60	8.50	22.21
13	Pleurotusostreatus	9.47	5.92	5.02	21.98	9.21	31.21
14	Lentinusedodes	10.74	5.71	4.05	17.74	8.65	32.95
15	Pleurotusflorida	9.55	9.31	6.31	27.62	9.31	51.23
16	Pleurotuseryngii	11.05	7.52	5.50	24.12	8.15	40.05
17	Volvariellaesculenta	10.25	9.15	6.25	27.41	10.85	45.21
18	Flamulinavelutipes	10.10	6.25	5.05	22.02	7.55	41.50
19	Lycoperdongiganteum	11.45	6.85	5.15	22.21	10.71	32.15
20	Agaricusbitorquis	12.15	8.15	5.85	25.27	9.75	26.58
21	Lycoperdonpyriform	10.65	6.15	5.00	21.90	11.21	38.35
	SEm_±	0.075	0.33	0.30	0.97	0.27
	C.D. (P= 0.05)	0.175	0.77	0.84	2.25	0.62

Eachobservation is the average of three replications.

Edible mushrooms are highly perishablein nature and they can not be kept for long day without preservation bydehydration, canning and freezing. Isolation of MPC, however, is an easy andcheapest method of providing food protein to the needy human population(malnutrition) from their indigenous sources, i.e., naturally growing or cultivatedmushrooms. Edible mushrooms are in polyvalent use which has been many usefulfacets viz: food use, bio-converter of agro wastes in to nutrition,biomolecules, aesthetic value, symbol of religion, environmental cleaner innature etc. Therefore, these studies will help tomushroom growers, mushroom consumers, scientific researchers, nutritionists andpharmaceutics for selection of mushroom cultivation, nutritious food,nutraceutical and medicine manufacturing industries.

References:

1. Abou-Heilah, A.N.,Kasionalsim, M.Y. and Khaliel, A.S. (1987). Chemical composition of thefruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus. Int. J. Expt. Bot., 47: 64-68.

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 10 CopyrightedMaterial

2. Aletor, V.A. (1995). Compositional studies onedible tropical species of mushrooms. Food Chem., 54: 265-268.

3. Alofe F.V., Odeyemi, O, Oke O.L. (1995). Threeedible mushrooms from Nigeria:Their proximate and mineral composition. PlantFoods for Hum. Nutr., 49: 63-73.

4. Bano, Z. and Rajarathnam, S. (1982). Pleurotus mushroom as nutritious food. In Tropical Mushroom-Biological Nature and Cultivation Methods (Chang,S.T. and Quimio, T.H., Eds.), pp. 363-382. The ChineseUniversity Press, HongKong.

5. Breene, W.M. (1990). Nutritional and medicinalvalue of specialty mushrooms. J. FoodProtect. 53: 883-894.

6. Chang, S.T., Buswell, J.A. (1996). MushroomNutriceuticals. World J. Microbiol.Biotechnol., 12: 473-476.

7. Chang, S.T. (1980). Mushroom as human food, BioScience 30: 339-401.

8. Crisan, EW Sands (1978). A Nutritional value.In: Chang STand Hayes WA(eds.). The biology and cultivation of edible mushrooms. Academic press,New York, pp.172-189.

9. Doneen, L.D. (1932). A micromethod for nitrogen in plant materials. Pl.Physical. 7: 717.

10. Florezak, J. and Lasota, W. (1995). Cadmium uptake and binding byartificially cultivated cultivated (Pleurotus ostreatus). Bromatol.Chem. Toksykol., 28: 17-23.

11. Hadded, N.A. and Hayes, W.A. (1978). Nutritional factors and thecomposition of the Agaricus bisporus mycelium. Mushroom Science, 10:715-722. Page 11

12. Jackson, M.I. (1973). Soil ChemicalAnalysis prentice hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

13. Li,G.S.F. and Chang, S.T. (1982). Nutritive value of Volvariella volvacea. In TropicalMushroom-Biological Nature and Cultivation Methods (Chang, S.T. and Quimio,T.H., Eds.), pp. 199-219. The Chinese University Press, Hong Kong.

14. Pandey, V. N. and Srivastava, A. K. (1994).Fleshy fungi of ethnobotanical food use in North Eastern Tarai region of UttarPradesh. Proc. National Symposium onMushroom, NRCM-Solan. Pp.3.

15. Pandey, V.N. and Srivastava, A.K. (1996).Multiple use aquatic green biomass for food/ feed protein concentrate,bioenergy and microbial fermentation products. Hydrobiologia 340: 313-316.

16. Pirie, N. W. (1978). Leaf protein andother aspect of fodder fractionation. Cambridge Universitypress. London.

17. Pirie, N. W. (1987). Leaf protein and itsby products in human and animal nutrition. Cambridge Universitypress. London.

18. Purkayastha, R.P. and Chandra, A. (1976). Amino acid compositionof protein of some edible mushroom growth in synthetic medium. J. Food Sci. Technol., 3: 13-17.

19. Purkayastha, R.P. and Candra, A. (1985). Mannual of Indian Edible Mushroom.Today and Tomorrow Printer and Publisher, NewDelhi, 266.pp.

20. Samajapathi, N. (1981). Some tropicaledible mushroom from IndiaMush. Sci. 11 (1) : 45-54.

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 12 Copyrighted Material

21. Zrodlowski, Z. (1995). The influence of washing and peeling ofmushrooms Agaricus bisporus on the level of heavy metal contaminations. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci., 4: 23-33.

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MUSHROOM QUIZ "MQ"
Mushroom Quiz ("MQ") is featured in each edition of thisJournal. If you know the answer, write it down and mail it in. Nophone calls. No E-mail. No FAX. Your entry must be mailed by1st Class U.S. Mail only (Overseas and Out Of Country can use Airmail). The first letter that is opened and has the correct answer WINS.
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Last Issue’s "MQ" for #95 "TMC": What is “Dermatophytic”?

Last Issue’s Answer: Parasiticupon the skin of man and other animals.

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 13 Copyrighted Material

WINNER with first correct answer: Ralph Decot, MO

"MQ" For This Issue #96: What is “Abortive”?

---------------------------------

FMRC's"GUIDE TO COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY"
isonce again, now available. It is the exact copy of the original 1992 Issue thatchanged things for the people looking for ways to make money with mushrooms.Compounds and other extractions from mushrooms are worth a lot more than themushrooms themselves. Today, mushroom compounds are being used in all kinds ofhealth products, and even skin creams, and vitamins. The November Issue ofEnvironmental Nutrition has an article by Dr. Donald Abrams that states"Ganoderma lucidum extracts are a $1.5 billion world market"! But the real money, some as high as, plus or minus, $100,000.00 per gram!Compounds such as Ibotenic Acid, from Amanita muscaria, sell for over$70.00 per 1 mg! Remember, there are 1,000 mg in 1 gram. Phalloidin from AmanitaPhalloides brings the highest of all the mushroom compounds, over $90.00per 1 mg. These are price quotes from Chemical Supply Companies. Listed in thisguide are other "high priced" mushroom compounds and who sells themand phone numbers, so you will see with your own eyes……..the great wealth inthese compounds.
This special method of chromatography allows you to separate and isolatemushroom compounds. "There is a certain adsorption sequence which allowssubstances to displace themselves from each other. This method of ColumnChromatography uses this natural law. When a special solution is filteredthrough an adsorbent column (a clear plastic one), the pigments that are morestrongly adsorbed displace the more weaker adsorbed ones, and force themfurther down

from top to bottom indifferent colored layers or zones, separating everything." All you do iscut out the section that has the compound you are looking for.

Explains the whole operation and how easy it is to separatemushroom compounds.
FMRC's "GUIDE TO COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY"
ON CD-ROM……………………………………………………..$20.00

Just pop it into your computer and it will all be there.
FMRC, POB 18105, Pensacola,FL 32523

----------------------------------------

FMRC's "Stimulus Sales"

Financing isnow pre-approved with no interest!

Sales and get both IMGN and Doctors Degreewithout any hardship. No items arereleased until the full payment is received. The best method of making these payments is a money order purchased atyour local post office made out to FMRC, POB 18105, Pensacola, FL 32523. slp/fmrc #96 TMCOctober 2012 Page 14 Copyrighted Material

Due to the failing economy, FMRC presents the following sales to helpgenerate stimulus within the Mushroom Community. It will be a long time running sale:
Independent Mushroom Grower's Network (IMGN). Since l983 Go for details:
http://www.mushroomsfmrc.com/gpage2.html
Normal IMGN Membership Cost.........$200.00 (Out of USA $230.00)
During the Stimulus Sale,your cost is only $150.00!
With well over $700.00 worth of free IMGN benefits, this makes just the $200.00worth of your selection of any free spore samples, from the world's largestmushroom spore bank, even more better! And don't forget the one year's freesubscription to "THE MUSHROOM CULTURE", The Journal ofMushroom Cultivation (TMC). It is your communication's link to what isgoing on in the World of Mushrooms and each Issue contains live free spores.
FMRC's Stimulus Sale#1.....IMGN Lifetime Membership with all benefits $150.00
(Out of USA $180.00)
Doctor's Degree Mushroom Correspondence Course. Go for details:
http://www.mushroomsfmrc.com/gpage1.html
This is FMRC's Main Catalog. Scroll down until you come to:

Although our "Certificate ofCompletion" degrees are nonacademic and cannot be used

for credit on academic courses, knowledgeobtained through these courses can be transferred to academic credits by takingCLEP tests offered by most major Universities and Colleges. Certificatesoffered may not be acceptable when obtaining positions where an academic degreeis required. This is the reason why tuition may sound to be on the"cheap" side. If degrees were accredited through a College orUniversity, this would cause an increase by thousands of dollars in tuitionfees. Back years ago I was told by the University of North WestFlorida, "To accredit FMRC's Doctor's Degreewould cost over $26,000.00." And my cut is not even in that figure.Because many of the subjects discussed are not offered by most academicinstitutions, I decided to make them

available. I many times talk to medicaldoctors from Poison Control Centers, working on identifying mushrooms involvedin mushroom poisonings. They find themselves learning

a lot from me about identifying mushrooms,especially from spore microscopy and taking

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 15 CopyrightedMaterial

mushroom spore prints on paper to see theircolor. They openly relay to me how Mushroom ID "Challenged" theyreally are. When I tell them about these very same courses and how they cantake them at their own pace and time, they even sign up! These degrees actuallyshow higher specific learning accomplishments than what most Universities andColleges offer. Persons holding academic degrees can present our"Certificate of Completion" as supplemental credentials, and proof offurther learning into the specific area of Basidiomycetes.
When you order this Stimulus Sale #2, our Doctor's Degree Course, you get allthe needed and provided materials and books that are listed above. Allyou have to do is buy your text book at any book store, the National Audubon Society…."FieldGuide to North American Mushrooms by Gary H. Lincoff. You need a goodfield guide anyway, and this is really a good one. It is available fromFS Book Store (1-916-771-4203) for about $20.00. "Tell them"FMRC said you had this book.

FMRC's Stimulus Sale #2..........Doctor's Degree Course$200.00
(Out of USA $240.00)

Want to save even more?
Purchase both Stimulus sales, #1 IMGN Membership and #2 the Doctor's Mushroomcourse for only.........$300.00! (Out of USA $370.00) That's over $1,200.00worth of items for just $300.00.

Just write down your request on what sale,or both, you want. Make payment out to FMRC. A postal money orderthat you buy at your local post office is the best method of payment. Personal checks are accepted. Send request and payment to FMRC, POB18105, Pensacola, FL 32523.

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CONGRATULATIONS TO THE FOLLOWINGPEOPLE
Because of your input to this issue of "TMC", you are awarded ayear’s free subscription. We all thank you for your very helpful input: RalphDecot for Correct Mushroom Quiz Answer, Robin Arnold for FREE Mushroom SporePrint Sample Lepiota naucina in thisissue.

CULTURE FLASK…….. Is this your last Issueon Subscription?

For Physical "TMC" HARD COPYSubscriptions That Contain Spore Samples
IF YOUR CULTURE FLASK HAS A "RED" CONTAMINANT IN IT,

THIS ISYOUR LAST ISSUE! Send $30 to renew yoursubscription ($50 US Dollars for Out Of Country), for another year'ssubscription. The "RED"contaminant is your only reminder, other than your mailing label saying"00" issues left after your first name. As we value your support and interests,please send payment now while it is on your mind. This way, "TMC" can continue andyou will never miss an issue. After all,it is your Journal

#96 TMCOctober 2012 Page 16 Copyrighted Material

New Mushroom Journal CD-ROMS

“THE MUSHROOM CULTURE”, The Journal of Mushroom Cultivation (TMC)……Now comes the #3 CD-ROM of “TheGospel of Mushrooms”. This new #3 CD comes with all the Back Issues#70 TMC thru #83 TMC! Just like #1 and #2, the #3 CD comes in color, justlike the Issues were published. Just place it in your computer, and you willbe there to see it all. To check out the Contents of these past BackIssues, just go to www.mushroomsfmrc.com and click Catalog. Then scroll on down until you come to the Back Issue section for our Journals

#3 GOSPELCD-ROM, TMC’s #70 - #83…………$40.00

“TEONANACATL”, The InternationalJournal of Psychoactive Mushrooms (TEO)……Now comes the #2 CD-ROM of “TEO” Back Issues. #1 “TEO”has #1 - #13 “TEO” Back Issues. This new #2
“TEO” CD-ROM has all the “TEO” Back Issues #14 - #28. Just place it inyour computer, and you will be there to see it all. Just like the
“TEO” #1 CD-ROM, this #2 “TEO” CD-ROM comes in color just like the Issues werepublished. To check out the Contents of these past Back Issues,just go to www.mushroomsfmrc.comand click Catalog. Then scroll on down until you come to the Back Issuesection for our Journals.

#2 “TEO” CD-ROM,TEO’s #14 - #28…..………$40.00 Save even more money……..buy both #3 Gospel and #2TEO CD-ROMs for only……………………..$50.00

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Cooking With Mushrooms

Robin Arnold, Cooking With Mushrooms Editor

MUSHROOMBUSINESS

1 lb. freshmushrooms (Maitake is great!)

8 sliceswhite or wheat bread

3/4 c. onions,chopped

1/2 c. celery,chopped

1/2 c. red bellpeppers, chopped

1/2 c.mayonnaise

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 17 Copyrighted Material

3/4 tsp. seasalt

1/4 tsp. blackpepper

2 eggs, slightlybeaten with some milk

1/2 c. milk

1 12 oz. cancream of mushroom soup (homemade works much better)

grated cheddarcheese (Vermontcheese works great! :)

butter (REALbutter)

Sauté the mushroomsin a small amount of butter. Butter 3 slices of bread. Cut into inch squaresand put in a large casserole dish. Combine mushrooms, onions, celery, redpeppers, mayo, salt and pepper. Put on the bread squares in the casserole dish.Now 3 more slices of bread prepared the same way as previous. Put them in next.Pour the eggs over the top. Refrigerate one hour. Spoon the soup over this,(the soup is somewhat optional, really) Add two more slices of bread (if usingthe soup) Bake at 300 for 60-70 minutes. About 10 minutes before it is donesprinkle the grated cheddar on top. Serves six. Seems to go well withChardonnay, not unlike most, if not all, mushroom dishes. :)

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U.S. MushroomSales For 2011-2012 Goes Over $1 Billion

The crop totaled 900 million pounds. Value of this crop $1.10 Billion. The number of growers was 279. The Agaricus crop took $1.04 Billion. Specialty crop, Oyster, Shiitake and otherstook $59.9 Million. Certified OrganicMushrooms made up the rest. USDANational Agricultural Statistics Service report August 20, 2012. Come join FMRC’s “Independent MushroomGrowers Network (IMGN) and start getting your share! Go to www.mushroomsfmrc.comand seek it out.

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What To DoIf You Have Bacteria Problems

Gentamycinsulfate is the antibiotic of choice for mushroom cultivation. Itdoes no harm or other bad effects on mushroom mycelium. It can besterilized and still work. This means it can be added to agar orgrains, and then sterilized. It works on both gram positive and gramnegative types of bacteria. I have used it for many years and soldit for a long time (no longer offered). It should be kept in thefridge while stored. Not frozen. slp/fmrc

When Mushrooms Do Not Make Spore Prints

Whatcolor are the gills? Gills that drop sporesare usually dark. Gills that do notproduce spores are light colored. Thisis reference to Ps. Cubensis. If you hada microscope, you could tell if any basidia or spore producing cells arethere. If not, you will not getspores. This condition happenssometimes. If you, or anyone else, everhappen to find this condition with oyster mushrooms…….this strain is worth alot of money….why? Because it is a majorhealth problem in oyster grow rooms because of the normal heavy spore dropthese mushrooms have. A non-sporeproducing oyster would be most sought after in the

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 18 Copyrighted Material

commercialoyster business. The only way to keep itand to keep it going would be by tissue clone. I would get a non spore producing strain of oyster patented. slp/fmrc

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WillPlastic Containers Melt When Sterilized?

Most plastic bottles will melt. There is a plastic known asPolypropylene. This can be used in pressure cookers. Most lab ware that isplastic, is this type for this reason. Just be sure the plastic container ispolypropylene and there will be no problems. Polypropylene containers will usually have PP5 stamped somewhere onthem. slp/fmrc -------------------------------------------------

How To Use pH Buffers

First of all, to make sure youhave the right pH that you want, you must have a pH meter or use pH TestStrips. Just adding pH changers with nomeasure or testing is working in the dark, even more so, when you do not evenknow the pH of the casing you are using. Agaricus bisporus, or the common Button Mushroom, likes casingthat is acid pH. Peat Moss, which isacid pH, is usually used to case this mushroom. Other mushrooms like different pH’s. Lime and other calciums are alkaline or “Base”….the opposite of“Acid”. So, if your casing is tooalkaline, an acid is used to bring the pH down. If the casing is too acid, an alkaline is used to bring it up. Psilocybe cubensis likes a 7 pHwhich is neutral. If the casing pH is 7,I would not add anything to it when the mushroom you are growing likes and prefersa 7. If you do add an alkaline, you willbring the casing above 7. If the casingis off, up or down, then, adjust by using the above mentioned methods andremember to test to make sure it is where it should be. slp/fmrc ----------------------------------------------

Mushroom Spore Print sample For #96 TMCOctober 2012 "THE MUSHROOM CULTURE"
Lepiota naucina The Smooth Lepiota
EDIBILITY – Choice Edible withcaution. Although generally consideredchoice, some people do become ill after eating this species.

Free print samples provided by Robin Arnold.

FMRC’s Catalog Number…………………………………………………………#SO102

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Mycology in the Media

Marshall E. Deutsch

Scientific Amrican for Aprildescribes the specificity of the mycorrrhizal fungi upon which orchids depend.Because the fungi have no fruiting structures, researchers have had to test forDNA in the soil to identify where and how much of these fungi are present.Older forests were found to contain five to 12 times more orchid-friendly fungithan younger forests, and the fungi in older forests were more diverse.

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 19 Copyrighted Material

The New Yorker for April 16contains a fleeting reference to mushrooms in Russia’s vast forests in anarticle on Russian cookery and more detailed references to mushrooms andtruffles in Croatian food in an article on the invasion of a Croatian town bypartying British students, while the April 23 issue of the magazine describesthe use of “wild mushrooms” in a dish created by a 13-year-old cooking prodigy.

Mycophagy is represented in National Wildlife for April/May;,wherein we observe a photograph of an eastern box turtlemunching ona mushroom. And in Funny Times for May, we are told that “a growingnumber of scientists are at work on biocomputer models based on movements ofslime [molds] to solve complex-systems problems…” An application of thisprocess had been described in New Scientist (NS) for 24 March,and the publication printed my letter on the subject in the issue of May 19.Here’s how my letter reads: “When I read about the experiment in which slimemould spread patterns were shown to mimic road networks in the US…, I thoughtit must have been carried out on maps. Then I realized that many USroads have yellow lines down the middle and that I had been incorrect inbelieving them to b lane markers…they must be trails of Physarumpolycephalum.”

The main editorial in Science for 11 May addresses theproblem of human fungal infections;, pointing out that “Over 600 different fungi havebeen reported to infect humans, ranging from common to fatal infections,including those of the mucosa, skin, hair, and nails, and other ailmentsincluding allergies. Even influential international organizations…appear not tofully appreciate the burden imposed b infection with fungi” But all fungalinteractions with other organisms aren’t harmful to the latter, and Sciencefor 25 May describes how Rhizobium bacteria interact with plant roots byusing the same signaling mechanism as is used by mycorrhizal fungi.

We don’t have roots (at least I know that I don’t) but we do interact with theenvironment through fungal intermediaries that live in our gut, and Sciencefor 8 June describes how “the mammalian gut contains a rich fungal communitythat interacts with the immune system…” A review of this article appeared in Wired’sonline blog one day before its publication in Science, putting to shamethis column, which appears two months later.

A more serious and frightening delay is described in The Week for June8, wherein we learn that Swiss scientists “testing imported products forradiation from the Japanese nuclear meltdown at Fukushima last year foundsomething even scarier—radiation from the Chernobyl meltdown more than 25 yearsago. None of the Japanese samples tested positive for radiation. But aUkrainian shipment of frozen wild mushrooms had unacceptably high levels ofradioactive cesium-137. Ukrainian authorities had labeled the shipment asinspected and cleared for consumption.”

A reader asks a question in NS for 16 June: “When I start to frymushrooms in oil they quickly absorb all the liquid, making the pan quite dry.But after a couple of minutes they suddenly start to release it all again.What’s going on?” I look forward to a reply.

Two interesting references to fungi appear in Science for 22 June. Onestudy shows that Metarhizium species (endophytes, fungi that live withinplant tissues without causing disease) can be conduits for transferringnitrogen from animal sources to plants. (This paper is described in NSfor 30 June.)Another works out the mechanism whereby the fungus that causesrice blast disease, Magnaporthe

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 20 Copyrighted Material

oryzae, can develop the enormous internalpressure which it develops to rupture the rice leaf cuticle. The latter studyis referred to in Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN)for June 25, along with one of the original illustrations.

Two important papers in Science for 29 June are nicely summarized at thebeginning of the issue: “Specific lineages within the basidiomycete fungi,white rot species, have evolved the ability to break up a major structuralcomponent of woody plants, lignin, relative to their non-lignin-decaying brownrot relatives. Through the deep phylogenetic sampling of fungal genomes,Floudas et al….mapped the detailed evolution of wood-degrading enzymes.A key peroxidase and other enzymes involved in lignin decay were present in thecommon ancestor of the Agaricomycetes. These genes then expanded through geneduplications in parallel, giving rise to white rot lineages.” This work isreferred to in C&EN for July 2, wherein it is pointed out that theauthors note that the acquisition of the ability to degrade lignin resulted inthe end of coal formation.

Nature Conservancy issue 2 for 2012 reports that American beechtrees are under threat from beech bark diseases “caused by the one-twopunch of insect and fungus.” And Harper’s for July reports in Harper’sIndex on the effect of white-nose syndrome: “Minimum amount the loss of batswill cost U.S. farmers in pest-control this year: $3,700,000,000,” and,on the last page of text that “Entomologists comparing Brazilian and Thaizombie-ant graveyards determined that an unknown fungus was thwarting the spreadof the ant-zombifying fungus.”

Nice detective work in NS of 7 July, wherein is explained how Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis, a single-celled fungus which was normally about asthreatening as athlete’s foot to the amphibians it associated with,has come to threaten amphibians worldwide with extinction. Strains of thefungus have been around for a long time without wiping out amphibianpopulations, and one theory is that they have become deadly because of changes,such as exposure to pollutants. But the same deadly variant seems to be wipingout amphibians worldwide, so the question to be answered is How does itspread.? The answer seems to be that transportation by H. sapiens hasspread it, e.g., by international dissemination of African clawed toadsfor pregnancy testing and bullfrogs for eating.

Larry Millman calls our attention to an article in The Globe and Mailfor July 10. The article describes and shows a picture of a puffball weighing57.4 pounds. Other big news in the piece concerns the theft of some potatochips.

The Journal of the American Medical Association reprinted on July 11 an article entitled “The Place of Mushroomsin the Diet” which it had originally published 100 years ago. It is aninteresting article which makes the point that the nitrogen content ofmushrooms does not reflect their protein content very well, since much of thenitrogen is in compounds other than proteins. By turning down my request topermit republication of the article in this Bulletin the editors losta chance to become famous,

Three experts provide three different answers to a reader’s question in NSfor 14 July. The questioner asks why the inner layer of an onion turned rottenwhile the surrounding layers remained unaffected. Only one expert suggests thata fungus (Botrytis allii, which causes a disease of onions called neckrot) is the culprit.

An article in NS for 28 July points out that “the US is in thegrip of the worst drought in over 50 years” and that developing geneticallymodified plants to overcome the problem would take a long time. However, heatresistance to a grass—Dichanthelium lanuginosum—that grows at 70°C canbe shown to depend on its fungal endophytes. This suggests that transferringthe latter to a plant might make it heat resistant, and an experiment showedthat this was true in the case of wheat. Salt resistance and cold resistancewere transferred to rice plants in a similar manner. The article points outthat “endophytes have a

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 21 Copyrighted Material

definite advantage over GM [genetically modified] crops: farmerscould decide whether to spray their seeds with them at the beginning of theplanting season rather than gambling on a drought-tolerant variety.”

Another way that fungi can be helpful is detailed in C&EN forJuly 30 in an article headed “Superoxide-Producing Fungus Sponges Up MineMetals” wherein is described the precipitation of manganese from acid minedrainage as a possible bioremediation technique.

Sierra magazine for July-August explains what fungi are and goes on topoint out that “Fungal devastations of bats, bees, and amphibians have receivedthe most press…[but] we should be just as worried about plants. Pine pitchcanker, sudden oak death, and blue stain fungus are reducing the number oftrees available to sequester carbon dioxide, and fungal infections destroyenough food crops each year to feed 8 percent of the world’s population.”

Then again, fungi are a food source for famous mathematicians. .Playboyfor July/August notes that Grigori Perelman (who proved a Poincaré conjecturewhich had been resistant to proof for 100 years) brushed off a journalist whotelephoned him with “You are disturbing me. I am picking mushrooms.”

Marshall E. Deutsch

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How To Win A Year’s Free SubscriptionTo "TMC"
If you see any article about mushrooms, past or present, and you think othersmay like to read about it, send it in. If it is used in "TMC",you get the free subscription. If you find a large stand of a particularspecies of mushroom, and are able to collect 7 to 10 good full sheets of sporeprints (enough to place samples in "TMC"), send them in. Ifthey are accepted, they will be placed in

"TMC", and you get the freesubscription. If you send anything in that has to do with mushrooms, andit is used (Mail Call letters do not apply), you get the freesubscription. If you do not want your name mentioned, please state so andwe will honor your wishes. Free subscriptions are physical issues withspore print samples and 4" X 6" color photographs.

#96 TMCOctober 2012 Page 22 Copyrighted Material

                               The Journal OfMushroom Cultivation (TMC)
       Color photograph for #96, "THE MUSHROOM CULTURE"
                                                     October 2012
                                    PhotographCopyrighted by FMRC

Shiitake – Fruitingon Oak Log. Cultivated and Photographedby Stephen L Peele.

#96 TMC October 2012 Page 23 CopyrightedMaterial

Florida Mycology Research Center (FMRC)

POB 18105, Pensacola, FL 32523 USA

This copy belongs to: _____________________________

Please follow the indicated routing andreturn:

Mycology Department

Botany Department

Biology Department

Science & Mathematics Department

Research & Development

Purchasing

Library

Other_________________________________________

To the deskof:__________________________________

#96 TMC October 2012

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For July 2012 $15.00

THE MUSHROOM CULTURE

The Journal of MushroomCultivation (TMC)

The Official Mushroom Journal for the “Independent

Mushroom Grower’s Network” (IMGN)

THE MUSHROOM CULTURE

To learn more about IMGN, see www.mushroomsfmrc.com/gpage2.html,or write to FMRC to get complete information on this old and unique mushroom association…many valuable benefits.

This Is An Electronic Issue

___ This is a "RESTRICTED" Issue. It contains all spore prints and photographs.

___ This is a"NON-RESTRICTED" Issue. It contains no mushroom spore prints.

___ This is a"REPRINT"/"Photo Copy" Issue. It may not contain prints or pictures. Published by: Florida Mycology ResearchCenter (FMRC)

P.O. Box 18105, Pensacola, FL 32523-8105

1.850.327.4378 FloridaMycology@cs.com

www.mushroomsfmrc.com

EDITORS: Youthe reader

Over 7,000 IMGN Members

Marshall E. Deutsch: Articles Takenfrom "The Bulletin Of

The Boston Mycological Club” and other recent references

to fungi encountered during the editor’s quotidian activities

Cooking Editor: Robin Arnold

Chief Editor: Stephen L.Peele, Curator FMRC

It is official from the USDA: The 2010/2011 USA Mushroom Cash Crop was $1Billion!!! There were only 282registered growers!!! Maybe you shouldcheck out “IMGN” and start getting your share!

http://www.mushroomsfmrc.com/gpage2.html

The world’s only and longest running color Mushroom Journal (Since 1984) that comes with actual “Live Mushroom Spore Print Samples” affixed inside (held safe inside a small sealed plastic envelope).

C O N T E N T S

Subscription and other Journal Information……………………………01

How To Place An Ad in TMC……………………………………………02

Notes on Melzer’s Reagent……………………………………………...03

Mycology in The Media…………………………………………………..03

Bats and Fungus………………………………………………………….03

Orange sand Fungus……………………………………………………..03

Cyclosporine………………………………………………………………..04

Intruder to Queen Elizabeth’s bedroom on Magic Mushrooms………………………04

Frogs and chytrid fungus…………………………………………………04

Mycelium in Caves………………………………………………………..04

DEATH CAP POISON ARRESTS PANCREATIC CANCER………..05

Free Mushroom Spore Print Sample Marasmium oreadesSO32....07

Mushroom Quiz…………………………………………………………..10

Free TMC Subscriptions given………………………………………….13

Culture Flask – Is this your last Issue…………………………………..13

Color Photograph Young Shiitake………………………………………16

Mushroom Journal Subscriptions: If you would like to order a subscription to “THE MUSHROOM CULTURE”, you may send request and payment of$30.00 made out to FMRC, POB 18105, Pensacola,FL. 32523, for one year.

CopyrightInformation: This Journal is Copyrighted under International Law, and all said laws apply. Any material that finds itsway into this Journal, and it has already been copyrighted elsewhere, retains original Copyright. Authors and photographers who submit material in thisJournal are not restricted from using their work, or the sale thereof. Persons may reprint or transmit this document, only in its complete and original form. No parts, articles, photographs, or any other partialpieces may be removed from this document. If you have any questions aboutreprinting or retransmitting, call 1.850.327.4378 and ask for Stephen L.Peele. Copies of this document can be given away freely for academic orinformation purposes. Any sale, placement, or display in any media thatinvolves the transfer of money, of document, or parts of, is a violation ofCopyright.
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Subscriptions: The electronic version of "The Mushroom Culture"Electronica, The Journal of Mushroom Cultivation (TMC) can be read freely at www.mushroomsfmrc.comunder “TMC Journals”. The current Issuewill be posted 2 to 3 weeks after the Hard Copies are mailed out tosubscribers. "The Mushroom Culture"physical issue (Hard Copy) that contains actual spore print samples and colorphotographs, that is mailed to you in a thick plain brown envelope, has thefollowing subscription rates: One year’s subscription $30.00 (outsidethe USA $50.00), Two year’s subscription $50.00 (outside theUSA $90.00), Three year’s subscription $70.00 (outside the USA$130.00). "Lifetime" subscription is $1,000.00 (outside the USA$2,000.00). College, University, and other educational library requestsmay subscribe "Lifetime" for $750.00 (outside the USA $1,750.00).
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The SchedulingDispatch Of This Journal: This Journal's "Hard Copy" is mailed thru the second week ofthe Issue's Publication month/date. This is usually the first Monday ofthe said month. Because games and prizes offered in this Journal arerestricted to postal mail only, the Electronic Issue is not released until 2 to3 weeks after the postal mailing of the "Hard Copy". This isdone to prevent unfair advantage if both were released at the same time. To view the Electronic Issue, go to www.mushroomsfmrc.com then, click on “TMCJournals”. The FREE Download is madeavailable by donations. To help keepthis mycological free service available to all, you may send your donation inany amount to FMRC, POB 18105, Pensacola,FL 32523. TMC is aquarterly publication, 4 times a year. Because many articles are copy/pasted from emails, spelling and grammarerrors may exist. They are left “as is”to show proof of original document.
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How Many Issues Do I have left on my "TMC" Hard CopySubscription? Check the number right after your first name or abovethe business address on the mailing label affixed to the brown envelope your Journalarrives in. This is how many issues are left on your currentsubscription. Also see "Culture Flask": If your cultureflask has a RED Contaminant in it...this is your last issue! Pleaserenew.
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Know The Mushroom Laws In Your Area: Some readers who receive thisJournal live in areas where no mushroom laws exist. Others, like those inthe USA,must be aware of laws that forbid the possession and cultivation of mushroomsthat contain controlled substances. Psilocybecubensis is an example of an illegal mushroom in the USA. As articles are done onan International basis, always keep in mind the laws on these said type mushroomsin your own specific area. Questions? Check with the local law froma pay phone.

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 01 CopyrightedMaterial

How To Place An Ad In “TMC”

For 1 full year (4 issues)…Full page $500.00, ½ page$250.00, ¼ page $125.00.

For one time (1 issue)…Full page $200.00, ½ page $100.00, ¼page $50.00, 40 word ad $20.00.

-----------------------------------

Books Available Only From FMRC’s Book Store………AndNow It Is On Line For FREE Viewing

Submitting Spore Samplesfor This Journal

should be taken on a dark colored paper. This will ensurecontrast and make the spores easy to see. Seven to nine complete sheetsshould be submitted. Place and affix (with staple or tape) cover sheetover each sheet of prints. Send date and where collected. Wild ediblesmake the best submissions for the "TMC" Journal. If you wish tosubmit a controversial type, like Psilocybe cyanescens, these said types may besubmitted (or we will forward) to "TEONANACATL", The InternationalJournal of Psychoactive Mushrooms (TEO). Because these issues have this unique feature of mushroom spore printsamples to aid in the correct identification of mushrooms collected out in thewild, they have a cutoff of 3,000 subscribers. This makes original Hard Copy back issues of "TMC" and "TEO"rare and the most valuable to collect.

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 02 Copyrighted Material

Notes On Melzer’sReagent

Iodine is used as a "starchdetector". This is sort of whatMelzer's does. All Amyloid tests I haveever seen documented, use Melzer's and never just iodine. Here are results from Melzer's:

Amyloid….A dark blue reaction

Dextrinoid or Pseudoamyloid....Areddish-brown reaction

A purple-brown as with Macrolepiota procera

A pale brown as in Cystolepiota seminude, may also be considered asNonamyloid reaction as with a pale yellow reaction.

A pale yellow as in Lepiota acutesquamosa

A yellow-brown as in Lepiota clypeolaria

A ocharaceous-tawny or brownish yellow

Ayellow to rusty brown as in Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca

Nonamyloid or Inamyloid..No ColorReaction or change

I have always used Melzer's, neverjust iodine. Not sure if just iodinewill give back all the colors that the Melzer's will give. The Chloral Hydrate used when making Melzer'sis used as a clearing agent and helps give a good shelf life to thereagent. Just making a small amountwithout the Chloral Hydrate will work fine. North American Mushrooms by Orson Miller gives more Melzer's tests for mushroomsthan any other field guide I have ever read. slp/fmrc

----------------------------

Mycology in the Media

Marshall E. Deutsch

AWI Quarterly for Winter 2012reports that “Thanks to Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-VT), the U.S. Fish and wild lifeservice is directed to spend at least $4 million…on white-nose syndrome (WNS)research and response activities. The Bureau of Land Management and the ForestService are also directed to prioritize research related to WNS, as well asinventory and monitor bat resources on their lands.”

Butit’s not only bats in caves that are threatened by fungi. Science for 10February point out that “some cases of so-called sick building syndrome canstem from unchecked mold. Fungi in buildings are also associated withallergies, asthma, and other pulmonary conditions.” Even worse, as called toour attention by Don Clagett, who cites Chemical and Engineering News (C&EN)for February 13, is Yunnan Sudden Unexpected Death, which has been ascribed toa previously undescribed mushroom named Trogia venenata Zhu L. Yang. (Sciencefor 16 March describes studies indicating that a toxins in this mushroom maylower blood sugar to lethal levels.) The same issue of C&EN containsa reference to an online article describing what makes the filamentous fungiwhich grow inside an orange decide on a sudden release of spores from thesurface of the fruit. Apparently this is the result of the interaction betweentwo signaling chemicals.

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 03 CopyrightedMaterial

The New Yorker for February 13& 20 tells of the role played by a fungus in making possible thetransplantation of “composite masses of different tissue—muscle, nerves,bone—especially if they included skin” between human subjects.Immunosuppressants that worked for kidney transplants apparently were notsuitable for transplants involving skin-covered body parts. “Cyclosporine, adrug derived from an unusual fungus found in Norway,” saved the day.

LarryMillman reminds us of “a mysterious orange goo—identified as the spores of arust fungus” which was described last year in a Reuter’s article, as havingwashed up on the shores of Alaska.He brings us up to date (in February) with the knowledge that the rust has nowbeen identified as Chrysomyxa ledicola, and that it eats spruce needlesfor part of its life and the leaves of Labrador tea for the other part.

Backto The New Yorker, which, in an article on bomb-sniffing dogs in theFebruary 27 issue, describes how dogs which don’t cut it as bomb-sniffers“could find work as a fungus hound, sniffing our growths that attack and killthe roots of pine trees in the Southeast.” Methinks that in Europethe trainers would first have given a thought to truffle-sniffing. And, finallyfor February, Morley Sutter refers us to an article on Ötzi the iceman in TheRegister blog. Among the articles found with him were “some berries andmushrooms (believed to be for medicinal use) on a string.”

Willforayers in the future identify mushrooms by spore shape? Bophotonicsfor March describes “a pocket-size accessory that turns an ordinary cameraphone into a high-resolution microscope” which “can accurately obtain imageswith a resolution of 0.01mm.” And Jim McAuley calls our attentionto an item in Family Handyman for March describing a B & B treehouseresort in Southern Oregon which offers (three-dimensional?) mushroom-picking expeditions.

Enoughgood news. Science for 2 March describes the different factorscausing amphibian populations worldwide to be facing extinction, withchytridiomycosis being a major one of those factors. However, fungi offera more indirect threat to royalty. The Week for March 9 reports that anintruder to Queen Elizabeth’s bedroom in 1982 now believes that the reason forhis exploit may have been that he “was still affected by some magic mushroomshe’d taken months earlier.”

NewScientist (NS) for17 March describes how frogs which carry the chytrid fungus, but are immune toits lethal effects, are transmitting chytridiomycosis to amphibian specieswhich are susceptible to the disease .And here’s what we learn from NSfor March 24: “Yellow goo has invaded the US highways. It was unleashed …aspart of an experiment with the slime mould Phys-arum polycepjhalum. [Andrew]Adamatzky and colleagues used oat flakes to mark the world’s major cities,placed the slime mould at the capital city of each country and let it grow.Each of the resulting slime-mould networks more-or-less matched the real roadnetworks-possibly because our transport routes were created by roaming animalsin the first place.” And I thought those yellow lines on the highway were lanemarkers!

Scarcelyworth mentioning, but I will, is a reference in Boston Magazinefor April to a $9 “mushroom burger.“ It contains un-specified sautéed wildmushrooms.

Badnews in Science for 6 April which reports that “A fungal outbreak hasbeen threatening the 15,000-year-old Paleolithic rock art found in Lascaux CaveFrance since 2001 when intrusive white mycelia growths were first discovered inthe cave Unfortunately, the situation only worsened after varying biocide andmechanical treatments that removed the white overgrowths but resulted in theappearance and spread of large black fungal stains on the wallsj” Thefungal community is “dominated by, among others, closely related black yeastsin the family

#95 TMC July2012 Page 04 CopyrightedMaterial

Herpotrichiellaceae.” Another waythat fungi are attaking the past is noted in C&EN for April 9,wherein we learn of fungi which are attacking the cellulose acetate film infilm archives and the development of a technique to detect them via the odorresulting from them digesting film.

Detectingthe fungi which infect them doesn’t do much good for bats infected with whitenose syndrome, but understanding of how the problem arose in the US isincreasing. The Boston Globe for April 10 reports on a study whichindicates that the disease was imported from Europe, and “last week, theillness marched west of the Mississippi River, infecting bats in Missouri.” But this is only a relatively small manifestation of what is pointed out in anarticle in Nature for12 April, entitled “Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystemhealth” which argues that “nascent fungal infections will cause increasingattrition of biodiversity, with wider implications for human and ecosystemhealth, unless steps are taken to tighten biosecurity worldwide.”

Fungisometimes enlist the help of other organisms in attacking ecosystems. Sciencefor 20 April repots on how they sometimes partner with cyanobacteria to formtoxic lichens which can produce a remarkable array of poisons, “some of whichmay be carcinogens.” Then again, they may just be annoying. NS for April21 answers a reader’s question as to what causes or inhabits the black cracksthat form on old, infrequently used bars of soap by laying the blame at themycelia feet of Aspergillus niger. The respondent pointsout that “Though A. nigerin high doses can cause bad reactions in people, it has many beneficialuses in food production, medicine, as an agricultural indicator of soilmicronutrient content, and in evaluating clinical anti-fungal treatments.”

Finally,for April, I quote from a story in The New Yorker for April 30: “Oneafternoon in late August, we went for a walk in the woods. We often did, but onthis occasion Tony turned off the footpath and I blindly followed. We bargedthrough the undergrowth, and I assumed he was taking me to make love in somesecret place he knew. The leaves were dry enough. But he was thinking only ofmushrooms, cèpes.”

Eachof three monthly magazines briefly paid attention to fungi in May. Smithsoniandescribed Tasmania as being an exporter of truffles, Playboy cited “ayeast-like fungus known as Malassezia””as being the cause of dandruff“in most cases,” and Wired, on a page headed “Microbial Meals,”described both koji, which is prepared by treating steamed rice or barley with Aspergillusoryzae and pork bushi, which is made by treating pork with Pichiaburtonii to form a white film “much like the rind on a hard cheese.”Concerning the latter, it goes on to say “it facilitates the curing process,transforming smoked pork tenderloin into a rich savory dried bushi ready to besliced thin and added to ramen.”

Andfinally for May, Marcia Jacob alerts us to an article in the Wall StreetJournal for May 19, wherein is described the hunting of candy cap mushroomsin California

Marshall E. Deutsch

med41@aol.com

-----------------------------

STUDYSUGGESTS DEATH CAP MUSHROOM POISON ARRESTS PANCREATIC CANCER IN MICE
ScienceDaily.com, April 2, 2012
The mere thought of anidentification error

#95 TMC July2012 Page 05 CopyrightedMaterial

sends a chill downthe spine of any mushroom

lover. The deathcap mushroom (Amanita phalloides),
contains one of the most
deadly poisons found in nature, a-amanitin.
This substance kills any cell without exception,
whether it be healthy or cancerous. At the
German CancerResearch Center(Deutsches
Krebsforschungszentrum,
DKFZ) and the NationalCenter for
Tumor Diseases Heidelberg, immunologist Dr. Gerhard Moldenhauer,
jointly with biochemist Professor Dr. Heinz Faulstich,
Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, has now developed a
method for destroying cancer cells using the dreaded fungal toxin
without harming the body.

The trick to accomplish this is to deliver the poison directly to the
right address in the body using something that virtually serves as
a cab. In this case, the cab is an antibody whose highly specific
arms attach to a cancer-typical cellular surface protein called
EpCAM. The fungal toxin is linked to the antibody in a stable
chemical conjugation.

In the culture dish, the poison-loaded antibody arrested the growth
of pancreatic, colorectal, breast, and bile duct cancer cell lines.
In mice bearing transplanted human pancreatic cancer, a single
antibody injection was sufficient to inhibit tumor growth. Two
injections of higher doses of the antibody even caused complete
tumor regression in 90 percent of the animals. Even the higher
doses did not cause any poison-related damage to the liver or other
organs of the animals.

EpCAM, the protein chosen by the Heidelbergimmunologists as
the tumor cell recognition structure, is a characteristic membrane
protein of epithelial cells. This type of cells lines all inner and
outer surfaces of the body. Most malignant tumors originate from
such epithelial tissues. Many of these, such as pancreatic cancer,
breast and ovarian cancers, bile duct carcinomas, and tumors
of the head and neck, produce too much EpCAM—and this is
frequently associated with an extremely poor prognosis of the
disease. EpCAM is therefore considered a suitable target structure
for attacking tumor cells.

“Treatments with unconjugated antibodies against EpCAM have
already been tested in clinical trials such as for breast cancer. They
#95 TMC July 2012 Page 06 Copyrighted Material

were intended toattack the cancer solely with the weapons of the
immune system, but they turned out to be clinically ineffective,”
said Gerhard Moldenhauer. “However, our amanitin-conjugated
antibody has a much greater potential for killing cancer cells.”
Each antibody is linked to between four and eight toxin molecules.
Amanitin is regarded as very suitable for this purpose. It is small
enough not to be recognized as foreign by immune cells, while
it is also robust enough to lend itself to chemical conjugation.
“When developing toxin-conjugated antibodies you have to take
an awful lot of things into account,” Moldenhauer explains. “The
cancer cell has to regularly take the target molecule including
the attached antibody into its interior, for this is the only place
where the poison can act. In the cell’s interior, the poison needs
to detach from the antibody or else it will not be effective. At the
same time it is absolutely vital that it does not get lost while it is
being carried through the body, because this could cause severe
adverse side effects.”

The dosage of the amanitin antibody needs to be determined with
the utmost care. One problem is that liver cells are extremely
sensitive to the fungal toxin; another is that other healthy cells
carry the EpCAM molecule as well and are therefore endangered.
However, the results obtained in mice give reason to be optimistic,
according to Gerhard Moldenhauer: “Even at high doses we have
not detected any organ damage in the animals. We therefore expect
that there is a sufficient therapeutic window for a dosage that kills
cancer cells while leaving healthy tissue unaffected.”

Moldenhauer, who has many years of experience in developing
therapeutic antibodies, already has plans for amanitin-conjugated
guided missiles against other cancers. In particular, certain types
of leukemia and lymphoma cells also carry highly specific surface
molecules which lend themselves as target structures for poison loaded
antibodies. Sent in by PaulDeviss, WA

-----------------------------------------------------------

Mushroom Spore Print sample For #95 TMCJuly 2012 "THE MUSHROOM CULTURE"
Marasmium oreades
EDIBILITY – Edible

Free print samples provided by Robin Arnold.

FMRC’s Catalog Number…………………………………………………………#SO32

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 07 Copyrighted Material

Besides being of different colors, thespores will also be of different shapes and sizes. FMRC offers sporesamples of different species. These can be used as"standards". It would be a good idea to have mushroom sporesavailable for comparison when making ID’s. FMRC offers the world’slargest mushroom spore bank of its kind available. Physicians should haveon hand several different species of mushroom spores in order to have standardsin which to compare suspected mushroom spores.

The physician should have on hand any lethal or poisonous mushroomspores that are known to be found in his area of service. FMRC uses thefollowing criteria for edibility designation: DEADLY…Mushroom containstoxins that will cause death. POISONOUS…Mushroom contains psychoactive togastrointestinal toxins, and not likely to cause death…EDIBLE/CHOICE EDIBLE…allof these type mushrooms are selected for the table.

"MAIN" Catalog, or write to FMRCand ask for IMGN details (postal or email (floridamycology@cs.com)). Yourmailing label will be noted "IMGN" if you are a member. Withoutthis notation, your issues may not contain any "Restricted"samples. University/College, Mycology related businesses, or Doctor’soffice subscriptions do not apply. Reprints of back issues may notcontain color photos or any spore print samples. Photocopies are suppliedwhen all original issues have been sold. To insure an original copy withall materials, you must subscribe. If your Country, State, City, or Countyforbids biological materials from entering their borders, please inform us ofthis fact. Example, New Zealand. If in an illegalarea to receive any types of mushroom spore print samples or special citedspecies, you will be placed under a special mailing list and your issues willnot contain spore samples. If you continue to receive "TMC"with mushroom spore samples, and live in an area where they are forbidden, youwill accept all liabilities and responsibilities. When FMRC learns abouta forbidden area, all issues going into that area will comply with its locallaws. EXAMPLE: No spore samples of any mushroom capable ofproducing a controlled substance will be included in "TMC" issuesbound for the State of California. FMRC is aware of CA State Laws, which forbid possession of said

type mushroom spores. This meansunder no conditions. Not even if you are a medical doctor working under aFederal Grant at a CA College or University, and an IMGN Member…these will

not be shipped to CA. If you would like to receive "Restricted"Issues, and live in CA or other illegal areas, you must give a legal shippingaddress. We have also been informed that the State of Georgia also has laws that forbidmushroom spores capable of producing Controlled Substances. FMRC, thepublisher of "TMC", will continue to the best of it’s ability toadhere to all laws pertaining to mushrooms, both here in USA and Overseas. In anyevent, only on rare occasions will the "TMC" have mushroom sporeprint samples affixed inside that will be capable of producing any saidcontrolled substances, and their entry would be for ID purposes only. This has been brought about by the Journal "TEONANACATL" (TEO). All said type spore print samples will be affixed inside the "TEO"Journal. "Non Restricted"Issues, not containing these type spores, will be mailed to "illegal"areas like CA, ID, or GA.

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 08 Copyrighted Material

"TMC". "TMC" isthe physical issue of this Journal. So, be sure to include your postaladdress

when submitting any articles. MailCall entries earn no free subscription. You may state not to have yourname published or listed with article. Ideas about regular columns by youare welcomed, as is all other ideas, which you feel, will be helpful to thisJournal.
-----------------------------------------------------

FMRC’s E N T I R E S P O R E B A N K S A L E

For those who have not seenthis Saleposted on FMRC’s Website: The Entire

Mushroom Spore Bank, over 200different Samples, is on sale for only $1,000.00!

And, when any new species arelisted in the Bank, and you have an interest in

receiving it, just let us knowthat you purchased the Entire Collection before.

Any samples that are currentlyout of stock, can be freely requested at any time in

the future. Just make the request and it will be shippedright off to you at no charge!

This entire massive collection,the World’s Largest Mushroom Spore Bank of its type

since 1972, can be inspectedand downloaded at www.mushroomsfmrc.com.

To be the proud owner of thisentire spore bank collection, simply mail in your request

for the Entire Mushroom SporeSample Collection, held at FMRC. Thebest method of

payment is a Postal Money Orderthat you buy at your local Post Office. For “Out of

Country” payment, send aWestern Union Postal Money Order, or other check that is

drawn on a USA Bank. Send your request and payment made out toFMRC, POB

18105, Pensacola, FL 32523. If you live in CA, ID or GA, where many ofthe spore

samples are illegal…..noproblem. Just send $830.00 and none ofthe illegal

samples in your area will beincluded. Otherwise, you must send alegal state

shipping address for the entirecollection.

-----------------------------------------------------

Buy $266.00 Worth of Mycological References for$100.00! Here is what you get!

The Master Mushroom Reference Disk Set

"FRUIT OF THE GODS" DVD.............list price $86.00

"THE GOSPEL" CD-ROM disks 1 & 2 All TMC Back Issues

01 through 69..........................................listprice $60.00

"THE GOSPEL" CD-ROM disk 3 All TMC Back Issues

70 through 83..........................................listprice $40.00

"TEO JOURNALS" CD-ROM disk 01 All Back TEO Issues

01 through 13.........................................listprice $40.00

"TEO JOURNALS" CD-ROM disk 2 All Back TEO Issues

14 through 28........................................listprice $40.00

Just send $100.00and request the Master Mushroom Reference Disk Set. Make payment out to FMRC, POB 18105, Pensacola, FL32523

To see all the information on the products given here, go toour website www.mushroomsfmrc.com and click Catalogoff of the Main Menu. Scroll down untilyou find the said items.

-------------------------------------------------------

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 09 CopyrightedMaterial

MUSHROOM QUIZ "MQ"
Mushroom Quiz ("MQ") is featured in each edition of this Journal. If you know the answer, write it down and mail it in. No phonecalls. No E-mail. No FAX. Your entry must be mailed by 1stClass U.S. Mail only (Overseas and Out Of Country can use Airmail). Thefirst letter that is opened and has the correct answer WINS.
What do you win? An entire year’s subscription to thisJournal…..FREE! Your name will be posted with the correct answer in thefollowing edition (unless you state "Not to publish yourname"). So, come on and impress your mushroom friends with yourknowledge. Send your entry to FMRC, "MQ", POB 18105, Pensacola, FL32523.

Last Issue’s "MQ" for #94 "TMC": What is Piedra?

Last Issue’s Answer: A hairdisease caused by fungus.

WINNER with first correct answer: Sterling Simpkins, NJ

"MQ" For This Issue #95: What is “Dermatophytic”?

---------------------------------

from top to bottom indifferent colored layers or zones, separating everything." All you do iscut out the section that has the compound you are looking for.

Explains the whole operation and how easy it is to separatemushroom compounds.
FMRC's "GUIDE TO COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY"
ON CD-ROM……………………………………………………..$20.00

Just pop it into your computer and it will all be there.
FMRC, POB 18105, Pensacola,FL 32523

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 10 Copyrighted Material

FMRC's "Stimulus Sales"

Financing isnow pre-approved with no interest!

Salesand get both IMGN and Doctors Degree without any hardship. No items are released until the full paymentis received. The best method of makingthese payments is a money order purchased at your local post office made out toFMRC, POB 18105, Pensacola,FL 32523. slp/fmrc

Due to the failing economy, FMRC presents the following sales to helpgenerate stimulus within the Mushroom Community. It will be a long time running sale:
Independent Mushroom Grower's Network (IMGN). Since l983 Go for details:
http://www.mushroomsfmrc.com/gpage2.html
Normal IMGN Membership Cost.........$200.00 (Out of USA $230.00)
During the Stimulus Sale,your cost is only $150.00!
With well over $700.00 worth of free IMGN benefits, this makes just the $200.00worth of your selection of any free spore samples, from the world's largestmushroom spore bank, even more better! And don't forget the one year'sfree subscription to "THE MUSHROOM CULTURE", The Journalof Mushroom Cultivation (TMC). It is your communication's link to what isgoing on in the World of Mushrooms and each Issue contains live free spores.
FMRC's Stimulus Sale#1.....IMGN Lifetime Membership with all benefits $150.00
(Out of USA $180.00)
Doctor's Degree Mushroom Correspondence Course. Go for details:
http://www.mushroomsfmrc.com/gpage1.html
This is FMRC's Main Catalog. Scroll down until you come to:

Although our "Certificate ofCompletion" degrees are nonacademic and cannot be used

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 11 CopyrightedMaterial

available. I many times talk to medicaldoctors from Poison Control Centers, working on identifying mushrooms involvedin mushroom poisonings. They find themselves learning

a lot from me about identifying mushrooms,especially from spore microscopy and taking mushroom spore prints on paper tosee their color. They openly relay to me how Mushroom ID "Challenged"they really are. When I tell them about these very same courses and how theycan take them at their own pace and time, they even sign up! These degreesactually show higher specific learning accomplishments than what mostUniversities and Colleges offer. Persons holding academic degrees can presentour "Certificate of Completion" as supplemental credentials, andproof of further learning into the specific area of Basidiomycetes.
When you order this Stimulus Sale #2, our Doctor's Degree Course, you get allthe needed and provided materials and books that are listed above. Allyou have to do is buy your text book at any book store, the National AudubonSociety…."Field Guide to North American Mushrooms by Gary H.Lincoff. You need a good field guide anyway, and this is really a goodone. It is available from FS Book Store (1-916-771-4203) for about$20.00. "Tell them" FMRC said you had this book.

ColorPhotograph of an Amanita virosa SporePrint
Color Photograph of a Panaeoluscyanescens Spore Print Sample

ObtainingMushroom Spores when there are no mushroom samples
Amanita Genus Mushroom Identification
Color Photograph of Amanita muscaria
Color Photograph of Amanita "Volva"
Color Photograph of Amanita phalloides
Galerina autumnalis Identification
Color Photograph of Galerina autumnalismushrooms
Color Photograph of Galerina autumnalisSpore Prints

ColorPhotograph of Galerina autumnalisSpores 1,000 times

DeadlyLepiota Mushroom Identification
Lepiota morganii Identification
Color Photograph of Lepiota morganii
Color Photograph of Lepiota morganiishowing red bruising
Reactions of all these Mushroom spores to Melzer's Reagent
How to prepare Melzer's Reagent
A List of other sites on the Web to obtain further information on theseMushrooms
Treating Patients With Amatoxin Mushroom Poisoning

This entire presentation with all color photographs, is available on CD-ROMfrom FMRC for only $20.00. That's all you send, we pay the postage. "Out of Country" ad $10.00 for additional postage and handling costs($30.00). Send request and payment made out to:
FMRC, POB 18105, Pensacola,FL 32523

How To Handle Poisonous/Deadly Mushroom Cases CD-ROM......................$20.00

CONGRATULATIONS TO THE FOLLOWINGPEOPLE
Because of your input to this issue of "TMC", you are awarded ayear’s free subscription. We all thank you for your very helpful input: Paul Deviss for STUDY SUGGESTS DEATH CAP MUSHROOM POISON ARRESTS PANCREATIC CANCER INMICE, Robin Arnold for free Mushroom Spore Print Sample Marasmium oreades SO32 in this #95 TMC, and Sterling Simpkins for correctanswer to “MQ”.

------------------------------------

CULTURE FLASK…….. Is this your last Issueon Subscription?

For Physical "TMC" HARD COPYSubscriptions That Contain Spore Samples
IF YOUR CULTURE FLASK HAS A "RED" CONTAMINANT IN IT,

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 13 Copyrighted Material

New Mushroom Journal CD-ROMS

“THE MUSHROOM CULTURE”, The Journal of Mushroom Cultivation (TMC)……Now comes the #3 CD-ROM of “TheGospel of Mushrooms”. This new #3 CD comes with all the Back Issues#70 TMC thru #83 TMC! Just like #1 and #2, the #3 CD comes in color, justlike the Issues were published. Just place it in your computer, and you will be there to see itall. To check out the Contents of these past Back Issues, just go to www.mushroomsfmrc.comand click Catalog. Then scroll on down until you come to the Back Issuesection for our Journals

#3 GOSPELCD-ROM, TMC’s #70 - #83…………$40.00

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COOKING WITH MUSHROOMS

Repeat for those whomissed it. ByMiss Robin Arnold

MUSHROOM SOUFFLE

6 cup,well-buttered souffle dish

1/2 lb. fresh orhydrated mushrooms

3 tbsp. butter

1 finely mincedshallot or onion

2 tbsp. flour

3/4 cup milk

salt/cayennepepper

4 eggyolks

6 egg whites

Preheat oven to375 F. Remove any stems from mushrooms. Mince caps, finely. Melt 1 tbsp. butterin saucepan. Add shallot/onion. Cook slowly until soft. Add mushrooms.

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 14 Copyrighted Material

Cook until dry.Keep heat low and cook slowly. Melt 2 tbsp. butter in top of glass doubleboiler over direct heat. Remove from heat. Stir in flour. Blend in milk. Addsalt and cayenne to taste. Return pot to very low heat. Stir constantly untilsauce just begins to thicken. Remove from heat. Beat in egg yolks, one at atime. Place over boiling water. Add mushrooms. Stir briskly a few moments untilsauce thickens a bit more. Remove immediately. Pour into large bowl. Beat eggwhites until stiff. Fold carefully into base (the other stuff you alreadymade!). Pour into prepared dish. Bake in preheated over 17-20 minutes or until souffléhas risen well above the lip of the dish, is puffy, brown and wobbles slightlywhen shaken gently. Serve at once.

Robin's note: Ibet this would be good with a chilled glass of Chardonnay, but that's just me. ---------------------------------------------

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 15 Copyrighted Material

                               The Journal OfMushroom Cultivation (TMC)
       Color photograph for #95, "THE MUSHROOM CULTURE"
                                                     July 2012
                                    PhotographCopyrighted by FMRC

Young Shiitake – Fruitingon Oak Log. Cultivated and Photographedby Stephen L Peele.

#95 TMC July 2012 Page 16 Copyrighted Material

Florida Mycology Research Center (FMRC)

POB 18105, Pensacola, FL 32523 USA

This copy belongs to: _____________________________

Please follow the indicated routing andreturn:

Mycology Department

Botany Department

Biology Department

Science & Mathematics Department

Research & Development

Purchasing

Library

Other_________________________________________

To the deskof:__________________________________

#95 TMC July 2012

For April 2012 $15.00

The Journal of MushroomCultivation (TMC)

The Official Mushroom Journal for the “Independent

Mushroom Grower’s Network” (IMGN)

THE MUSHROOM CULTURE

To learn more about IMGN, see www.mushroomsfmrc.com/gpage2.html,or write to FMRC to get complete information on this old and unique mushroomassociation…many valuable benefits.

This is an Electronic Issue_

__ This is a "RESTRICTED" Issue. It contains all spore prints and photographs.

___ This is a"NON-RESTRICTED" Issue. Itcontains no mushroom spore prints.

___ This is a"REPRINT"/"Photo Copy" Issue. It may not contain prints or pictures. Published by: FloridaMycology ResearchCenter (FMRC)

P.O. Box 18105, Pensacola, FL 32523-8105

1.850.327.4378 FloridaMycology@cs.com

www.mushroomsfmrc.com

EDITORS: Youthe reader

Over 7,000 IMGN Members

Marshall E. Deutsch: Articles Takenfrom "The Bulletin Of

The BostonMycological Club” and other recent references

to fungi encountered during theeditor’s quotidian activities

Cooking Editor: Robin Arnold

Chief Editor: Stephen L.Peele, Curator FMRC

It is official from the USDA: The 2010/2011 USA Mushroom Cash Crop was $1Billion!!! There were only 282registered growers!!! Maybe you shouldcheck out “IMGN” and start getting your share!

http://www.mushroomsfmrc.com/gpage2.html

C O N T E N T S

April2012 THE MUSHROOM CULTURE

TMC Journal Subscription and other JournalInformation…………….01

How To Place An Ad In TMC…………………………………………….02

Submitting Mushroom Spore Samples For This Journal……………..02

Mycology In The Media…………………………………………………..03

EndangeredSpecies………………………………………………….03

Mercury and LeadIn Mushrooms……………………………………03

Invading Rhododendron ponticum………………………………......03

Author of The Horse Whisperer almost killedhalf his family……...03

Using Fungi To Kill Pot and Other IllegalPlants…………………...04

β-glucans from two mushroom sources…………………………….04

Chef and Assistant Die FromMushrooms………………………….04

Aflatoxin-contaminated cattle feed………………………….……….04

Mushrooms Used In ChineseMedicine…………………………….05

The cacao Plant and FungusDiseases…………………………….05

MUSHROOMS: SOURCES FOR MODERNWESTERN MEDICINE………….05

FreeMushroom Spore Print Sample SOO12 Amanitarubescens….06

TMCJournal Saleand Back Issues…………,……………………...…07

FMRCMushroom Journals Online……………………………………..07

FMRCSpore Bank Sale…………………………………………………08

The Master Mushroom Reference Disk Set……………….09

MushroomQuiz…………………………………………………………..09

FMRC's "GUIDE TOCOLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY"….10

StimulusSales……………………………………………………………10

How To HandlePoisonous/Deadly Mushroom Cases………………12

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What Causes “Senescence”……………………………...……15

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Submitting Spore Samplesfor This Journal

should be taken on a dark colored paper. This will ensurecontrast and make the spores easy to see. Seven to nine complete sheetsshould be submitted. Place and affix (with staple or tape) cover sheetover each sheet of prints. Send date and where collected. Wildedibles make the best submissions for the "TMC" Journal. If youwish to submit a controversial type, like Psilocybe cyanescens, these saidtypes may be submitted (or we will forward) to "TEONANACATL", TheInternational Journal of Psychoactive Mushrooms (TEO). Because these issues have this unique featureof mushroom spore print samples to aid in the correct identification of mushroomscollected out in the wild, they have a cutoff of 3,000 subscribers. This makes original Hard Copy back issues of"TMC" and "TEO" rare and the most valuable to collect.

#94 TMC April 2012 Page 02 Copyrighted Material

Mycology in the Media

Marshall E. Deutsch

AWI Quarterly for Fall 2011describes a recent congressional action (a floor amendment) which restored theability of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to act to save endangered speciessuch as the hibernating bats “who are dying in alarming numbers due to white-nosesyndrome.” And Jim McAuley supplies the next item in this column (whichtries to present items in chronological order) with an article from NATIONALPARKSfor Winter 2012. Therein we learn of a 24-hour Bioblitz at Saguaro National Parkwhich turned up 205 species of endophytic fungi which, the park’s chief ofinterpretation said, “we didn’t know … we had.”

Natural History for Novemberopens with amazing photographs of myxomycetes and a brief discussion ofmushrooms in the Pacific Northwest. The photographeris quoted as saying that she never harvests the mushrooms she observes aroundmetro Seattlebecause there’s “too much mercury and lead from old paper mills and otherindustries to warrant beheading the morels, chanterelles, and boletuses.” And, NewScientist(NS) for 12 November suggests that you shouldn’t eat frogs’ legs either,because “the global amphibian trade that brought them to your plate may havecreated [by hybridization] the lethal chytrid fungus [strain] which isdecimating frogs around the planet. Amphibian quarantine may be the only way ofslowing the spread of the disease.” This will not be easy, as is reported inthe Los Angeles Times for November 21 which tells of the battles in California overrestricting importation of Chinese bullfrogs. They carry Batachochytriumdendrobatidis, but do not die from it and they often escape captivity.

Thefungal assault on our diet continues close to home, as I was reminded by aletter in NS for 19 November telling how invading Rhododendronponticum has brought with it “the pathogen Phytophthora marorum,which has spread to native flora.” This fungus has kept many of us in Massachusetts fromenjoying vegetables from our home gardens.

However,yeasts more than recompense us for all these sins perpetrated against our dietsby other fungi, and Science for 18 November describes experiments inwhich Saccharomyces cerevisiae was encouraged to take a step towardbecoming a multicellular organism.

Noyeast-derived delicacies for Henry Morton Stanley! The rigors endured bythe man famous for saying “Dr. Livingstone, I presume” included “being reducedto eating berries, roots, fungi, grubs, caterpillars, ants and slugs” when hecould find them, according to Smithsonian magazine for December. Andapparently not for Walmart in China. The Atlanticfor December describes the offerings in a Beijing Walmart, which include(“among mountainous piles of fresh pig intestines”) “pillow-size bags of driedfungus, seaweed and mushrooms.”

Onthe other hand, the contributions of Wired and Scientific Americanfor December are slanted toward field observation, with the former describing a200X digital microscope which “magnifies spores in vivid color on a 2.7-inchLCD, and the latter offering a stunning “three-dimensional” picture ofslime-mold fruiting bodies crafted by combining more than a hundred scannedimages.

The Week for December 2 describes“the evening, in August 2008 when [Nicholas Evans] the author of The HorseWhisperer almost killed half his family” by picking and frying some wildmushrooms for supper. They all survived but remain on dialysis, except forEvans himself who recently received a kidney transplant. Someone else, whom hewon’t identify, helped in the mushroom picking, and each thought the other knewwhat he was doing. Consider yourself warned.

Andwarmed. NS for 3 December suggests that mammals (including us, ofcourse) and

#94 TMC April 2012 Page 03 Copyrighted Material

birdsare virtually untroubled by pathogenic fungi, because “The temperature we thinkof as normal is the one high enough to kill most fungi without killing us. Mygranddaughter would say that’s cool. Plants, which are really cool don’t havethis defense, and Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN) ofDecember 5 describes the debate over using toxic fungi to destroy illicit cropssuch as cannabis, coca and opium poppies. The cons seem to be winning so far.

Ofcourse we mammals aren’t completely safe from fungal infections as noted in apaper called to our attention by Larry Millman. It appears in the Journal ofVeterinary Diagnostic Investigation and was published online on 6 December.The title is “Isolation and sequence-based identification of Oxyporuscorticola from a dog with generalized lymphadenopathy” and Larry suggeststhat the moral is “Keep your pooch away from resupinate polypores.”

Backto Dictyostelium with Science for 16 December wherein we find apaper entitled “High Relatedness Is Necessary and Sufficient to MaintainMulticellularity in Dictyostelium.” The point is that if some of theamoebas getting together to form a fruiting body are not closely related to theothers they can act as destructive cheaters taking advantage of amoebas whichare not close relatives. And back to the subject three paragraphs back with a letterto NS for 17 December. The author points out that there is no reason forconcern that global warming will drive the evolution of fungi toward sufficienttolerance of higher temperatures thus enabling them to become pathogens of us,the warm-blooded, more easily. He points out that fungi have had warm places(our insides) to live for hundreds of millions of years, and this has not ledto this adaptation becoming widespread, and that “This suggests a more basiclimitation in the biology of fungi that stops their adaptation.” Cool!

Finallyfor December, The Boston Globe for the 21^st reportsthat “Scientists in the Northeast have been finding isolated surviving coloniesof healthy little brown bats, once the most common species in the region andthe one hardest hit by white nose syndrome.” I wonder whether these isolatedcolonies might be hibernating at a slightly higher body temperature thanothers. (This story was also noted in NS for 7 January.)

Prepared Foods for Januarydiscussed β-glucans from two mushroom sources. Feeding people β-glucans fromshiitake mushrooms was followed by a slight increase in circulating B-cells,which are involved in antibody production and feeding β-glucans from Pleurotusostreatus had a similar uninteresting effect. These studies are evensillier than appears at first glance, since a significant increase incirculating B-cells could have desirable or undesirable effects, depending onwhat sort of antibodies they produced. On the other hand, ScientificAmerican for January discusses a very significant :subject: loss of desertcrust (which includes lichens) in the American West. The human footprint(literally!) is increasing the reflectivity of the crust by producing a lightersurface and is interfering with nitrogen fixation which “needs to happen in ananaerobic environment, and when you break the crust up, you aerate it.” And itdecreases the exposure to sunlight required for photosynthesis.

LarryMillman sends us a dispatch from Canberra, Australia, dated January 5, butotherwise not attributed, telling of the deaths of a chef and his assistantfrom eating “death cap mushrooms” mistaken for “edible straw mushrooms.” Thechef and his assistant were from China, where, The Lancet for January 7reports, “A batch of milk produced by China’s largest dairy firm…has been foundto contain elevated concentrations of aflatoxin…the source…was related toaflatoxin-contaminated cattle feed.”

Whichbrings us to Science for 20 January, wherein we learn of the productionof what is

#94TMC April 2012 Page 04 Copyrighted Material

called“carnivorous cloth.” It is made by sandwiching agar inoculated with Penicilliumroqueforti between an impermeable polymer layer and a nanoporous surfacefilm. This is just the material for making a shirt which will clean itself (thefabric absorbs and metabolizes glucose solution)! And, not only can you eatthis shirt if you lose a wager, but, fair’s fair, given enough time, it couldeat you. (However, C&EN for January 30 points out that “theself-cleaning devices currently take two weeks to clean up a spill bythemselves.”)

Inthis issue of Science, we also encounteran obituary for Lynn Margulis written by Elio Schaechter, Editor Emeritus ofthis Bulletin. It is thanks to Lynn Margulis that we understand the origin of mitochondria. Elio was fortunate enough to have her as a friend and weare fortunate enough to have access to this moving and highly informativetribute. I wonder if Elio would hate me if I pointed out that he might bewilling and able to send you an electronic version of this obituary if youemail a request to him at the address on the back of this issue.

Science for 27 Januaryreports that 5.7 million to 6.7 million is the latest estimate by the Fish andWildlife Service of the number of bats that have died from white nose syndromesince 2006, but according to The Boston Globe for January 30, theNational Speleological Society says that the estimate is flawed and could leadto unnecessary restrictions on access to caves across the country.

Vivian Walworth calls our attention to an article entitled “Mighty Mushrooms,”which she noted in Whole Living for January/February. The articledescribes the following dried mushrooms as being used in Chinese herbal medicines:Hericium erinaceus, Ganoderma lucidum, Coriolus vesicolor,Cordyceps sinensis and a mix marketed by Fungi Perfecti.

Which brings us to American Scientist for January-February, wherein wefind a paper entitled “How a Fungus Boosts a Beetle’s Invasion.” Thewood-boring red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) carries sporesof the fungus Leptographium procerum. Beetles spreading Chinese strainsof the fungus spread it more widely than beetles carrying American strains andthe reason seems to be that the Chinese strains cause the tree to release moreof a chemical (3-carene) which attracts more beetles to a now-weakenedplant.

Eating chocolate is a great way to end a meal, but the vicissitudes of the cacaoplant are not so great a topic for closing a column. However the latter is thesubject of an article in Scientific American for February. Enemies ofthe plant include witches’ broom, frosty pod rot, black pod rot and water mold.Developing resistant strains is hampered by the limited genetic variation ofthe cacao tree. The article discusses fungal and non-fungal threats and what isbeing done and what could be done to overcome these threats.

Marshall E. Deutsch

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MUSHROOMS: SOURCES FOR MODERNWESTERN MEDICINE 21

MICOL. APL. INT., 17(2), 2005, PP. 21-33

MICOLOGIA APLICADA INTERNATIONAL, 17(2), 2005, pp. 21-33

http://micaplint.fws1.com

http://www.oystermushrooms.net/kurtzman.pdf

MUSHROOMS: SOURCES FOR MODERN

#94 TMC April 2012 Page 05 Copyrighted Material

WESTERN MEDICINE

R. H. KURTZMAN, JR.

Printed “In Part”. For complete article go to the above websites. This is a really good article that all shouldread.

Micologia AplicadaInternational, 445 Vassar Avenue, Berkeley,CA 94708,U.S.A. E-mail:kurtzmanr@earthlink.net

Accepted for publication:June 12, 2005

ABSTRACT

Fungi and especially mushrooms are richsources of many things that are important to our health. They are a good sourceof proteins that are important to all body functions. Their proteins are of very high quality andare rich in the most important protein building blocks, the essential aminoacids. They are an excellent source of most B vitamins and the primary naturalsource of ergosterol or provitamin D. While many people who eat balanced dietsreceive all of the needed minerals, some get more sodium than they need. Mushrooms have the double benefit of lowsodium and more potassium and iron than most foods. Chitin is the primarystructural material in mushrooms and has been shown to be of value as dietaryfiber. It can also be hydrolyzed to glucosamine, which is widely accepted byorthopedic physicians as a valuable food supplement for the prevention andalleviation of osteoarthritis.

Key words: chitin, chitosans, dietaryfiber, essential amino acids, glucosamine,

osteoarthritis, vitamins.

INTRODUCTION

In modern western medicine, drugs must undergoextensive testing before they are acceptable. Many things from living things areconsidered food supplements and are

acceptable because they have been tested fromother sources. Mushrooms contain

many things that fit the definition offood supplements. One kind of mushroom may

be richer in one of these materials whileanother kind will be richer in another. Sent in by Randy Carroll, AZ.

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Mushroom Spore Print sample For #94 TMCApril 2012 "THE MUSHROOM CULTURE"
Amanita rubescens (The “Blusher”)
EDIBILITY – Edible

Although a good edible, positive identificationmust be made as some of the most deadly mushrooms are in the GenusAmanita. This sample is provided to helpin the identification of this mushroom. Free print samples provided by Robin Arnold.

FMRC’s Catalog Number …………………………………………………………#SOO12

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SALE#1. …. Order any TEN back issues ($100 value) and get a full year’ssubscription ($30 value) for only $60.00. Overseas and outside the USA, Airmail$80.00.

#94 TMC April 2012 Page 06 Copyrighted Material

SALE #2 .….Order back issues #01 through #60 ($600 value),and also included is: #EE (TMC’s famous EXTRA EDITION Issue that first exposedour government‘s action of destroying Psilocybe cultures held at our Nation‘sculture bank, the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) ($10.00 value). Plus get a full year’s subscription ($30 value)…..This $640.00 value of TMCpublications and the subscription is yours for only $200! Overseas and outside the USA $250. When all originalshave been sold, reprint, photocopies & CD’s are made available (nospore samples or color photographs may beaffixed).

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#94 TMC April 2012 Page 07 Copyrighted Material

type mushroom spores. This meansunder no conditions. Not even if you are a medical doctor working under aFederal Grant at a CA College or University, and an IMGN Member…these will

"TMC". "TMC" isthe physical issue of this Journal. So, be sure to include your postaladdress when submitting any articles. Mail Call entries earn no freesubscription. You may state not to have your name published or listedwith article. Ideas about regular columns by you are welcomed, as is allother ideas, which you feel, will be helpful to this Journal.
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